The Federal Government has started a campaign to retrieve artifacts stolen from Nigeria especially before and during colonisation.
This is as the Cambridge University College, United Kingdom, is set to repatriates ‘okukor’, a Benin Bronze.
The Minister of Information and Culture, Alhaji Lai Mohammed, announced the commencement of the campaign in Lagos on Thursday.
At a press briefing held ago White House, GRA, Ikeja, Mohammed said the campaign would involve return and restitution’.
Here is the text of the address presented by the minister:
“We have called this press conference today to announce the
launch of the Campaign For The Return and Restitution of Nigeria’s
Looted/Smuggled Artifacts from around the world.
“With this announcement, we are putting on notice all those who
are holding on to Nigeria’s cultural property anywhere in the world
that we are coming for them, using all legal and diplomatic
instruments available. Gentlemen, we are under no illusion that this
will be an easy task, but no one should also doubt our determination
to make a success of this campaign.
“We cannot imagine by what logic an Ife Bronze or a Benin Bronze
or a Nok Terracotta can belong to any other part of the globe except
to the people of Nigeria, whose ancestors made them. We have never
laid claim to the Mona Lisa or a Rembrandt. Those who looted our
heritage resources, especially during the 19th century wars, or those
who smuggled them out of the country for pecuniary reasons, have
simply encouraged the impoverishment of our heritage and stealing of
our past.
“Some cynics might wonder: What is in an Ife bronze head or a
Nok Terracotta that we will be launching a campaign to return or
restitute them? Our answer is simple: These timeless and priceless
pieces of work are an important part of our past, our history, our
heritage resource, and allowing them to sit in the museums of other
nations robs us of our history. Also, those who proudly display what
they did not produce are daily reaping financial gains from them,
while those whose ancestors made them are not. Of course, as you all
know, the tourism and culture sector is one of the critical sectors
that have been identified for the diversification of the nation’s
economy, and these priceless heritage resources have a role to play.
How can we benefit from what is ours when most of them adorn the
museums and private collections of others, who describe as their
properties?
“Gentlemen, in launching this campaign, our hands are
strengthened by UNESCO and ECOWAS. Article 4 of the UNESCO 1970
Convention, to which most nations subscribe, identifies the categories
of cultural property that form part of the cultural heritage of each
member state, thereby belonging to that State. By the provisions of
this Article, they include cultural property created by the individual
or collective genius of nationals of the State concerned, and cultural
property which has been the subject of a freely agreed exchange or
received as a gift or purchased legally with the consent of the
competent authorities of the country of origin of such property. Let’s
relate these provisions to an Ife bronze head or a Benin Bronze head,
both made several centuries ago. One cannot fathom how an individual
or collective genius of people who had not visited that part of the
world created such object, or how they are “subject of a freely agreed
exchange, or received as a gift or purchased legally with the consent
of the competent authorities”.
“Also, the Heads of State and Government of the ECOWAS Region
met in December 2018 in Abuja and adopted a Political Declaration on
the return of cultural property to their countries of origin. We are
bound by this Declaration, which has further brought discussions
towards a Plan of Action.
“We want to commend the work of the discussion group that is now
known as the ‘Benin Dialogue Group’, which is working to resolve this
issue. We are not averse to agreements such as the one being fashioned
out by the group. But whatever decision is taken by the group must be
based on the inviolable, logical and natural conclusion that the
looted/smuggled artifacts belong to Nigeria. Again, they can be
enjoyed by art lovers all over the world, but on our terms, which must
also benefit us. We also note some positive steps that have been taken
by some countries, including the Netherlands and Germany, on this
issue, but those are yet small steps.
“Let me say that we desire that our heritage resources circulate
around the world, especially because we are aware that art lovers all
over the world truly love them. We also know that all the major
museums around the world desire to have them on loan. For these
reasons, we do not mind to conduct joint exhibitions and have the
objects loaned out too. But doing these is predicated on the condition
that the nations and museums holding them understand and absolutely
agree that ownership of these cultural objects reside in the Nigerian
State now and forever. Under no legal interpretation or rule shall we
ever be divested of the ownership of these objects, for they are
intrinsically ours. They represent important pages in our history. In
other words, whether these heritage resources are presently domiciled
in Nigeria or are in any other part of the world, whether they are in
public or private museums, in collections or in private households,
they were wrought by the genius of our forebears. They shall never
belong to any other person or nation but to us.
“Gentlemen, we call on every museum and person holding on to our
heritage resources anywhere in the world to initiate dialogue with us
on the basis of the conditions we have enumerated today. We urge them
to identify what is in their collections, transparently make them
public, approach us for discussion on terms of return and restitution,
as well as circulation and loans. They must acknowledge that ownership
resides in us. They must be ready to sign agreements and Memoranda of
Understanding in this regard, and they must be ready to release some
of these antiquities for immediate return to Nigeria.
“We will not be deterred by the well-worn argument that there
was no customary international law that forbade the looting of
antiquities in war time in the 19th century, when most of these
antiquities were looted. We will not agree that our claims are statute
barred. We will also not be swayed by the insulting argument that
Nigeria, and Africa in general, does not have places to keep the
antiquities. After all we kept them somewhere before they were looted.
If those who make that argument so desire, they can join us to build
more museums that will house such returned antiquities.
“While we are keeping our strategy for the return and restitution
of our artifacts close to our chest, let me announce here that,
beginning from next year, we will be organizing an annual National
Conference on Restitution of Cultural Property. This is in line with
the recommendation in the Declaration by ECOWAS Heads of State and
Governments last year in Abuja. The essence of the conference is to
keep the issue of return and restitution on the front burner of
national discourse.
“Meanwhile, we are kick-starting the Campaign For The Return and
Restitution of Nigeria’s Looted/Smuggled Artifacts with a quest to
retrieve the Ife Broze Head, which was one of the items stolen in 1987
when one of our national museums was broken into. After it was brought
to an auction in London two years ago, the auction house observed that
it was an Ife Bronze Head which belongs to the ICOM (International
Council of Museums) Red List of cultural goods that are deemed to be
the most vulnerable to illicit traffic. These lists are made available
to national police and customs authorities by INTERPOL and the World
Customs Organization as well as to museums, auction houses, and
galleries. They are intended to help users identify the kinds of
artifacts e.t.c that may have been stolen or smuggled so that they can
be confiscated and returned to their rightful owners if an attempt is
made to sell them illegally.
“Now, the London Metropolitan police has seized the object, and
it has invited Nigeria to make a claim, otherwise they will have to
return it to the fellow claiming ownership. We have now started work
on the return of the Ife Bronze head to Nigeria.
“Finally, gentlemen, we appeal to you to be part of this
campaign, using your various platforms to publicize the campaign and
to keep it in the front burner of national discourse. We also appeal
to Nigerians at home and in the diaspora to lend their support to the
campaign. From time to time, we will be briefing Nigerians, through
you, of the progress being made in bringing our looted and smuggled
artifacts back here in Nigeria, where they belong.”
Meanwhile Mohammed has expressed delight at the Cambridge University’s Jesus College, United Kingdom, to repatriate a Benin Bronze Cockerel, known
as ‘Okukor”, to Nigeria.
The Cockerel is one of the hundreds of Benin Bronzes that were taken after
Benin City was occupied by the imperial troops in 1897, according to the
BBC, which quoted the British Museum.
Mohammed said: “The Nigerian government is very delighted at this development, which we have
been following for some time now, especially the role of the Nigerian students
in that University in pushing for the repatriation of the Cockerel.
“Considering the hundreds of Benin Bronzes looted during that occupation, the
decision to return the cockerel is like a drop in the ocean, but it is
an important
drop and we welcome it. Again, we appeal to all those holding our artifacts to
follow the footsteps of the Cambridge University by willingly returning them to
Nigeria, where they rightly belong. I thank you once again.”
